International Journal of Medical Laboratory Research (IJMLR)

CROSS INFECTIONS WITH BACTERIAL CONTAMINATED HANDS DURING ROUTINE CARE IN MEDICAL WARDS.

​

Akharaiyi FC, Suleiman FA

​

ABSTRACT: Health worker’s hands though not totally free from microorganisms, are more contaminated with microbial pathogens during routine care on patients attending to treatments. These contaminated hands thereafter transferred pathogens from one patient to another and also in the health care environment. This study detailed on the number, bacterial types and the risk factors for hand contamination of health workers during patients’ interaction; and the antibiotic profile of isolated bacteria. The hands of health workers before and after patients’ interactions were carried out in the medical wards of Afe Babalola University. Sixty four samples were collected on daily bases using sterile swab sticks, transported to the laboratory and streaked on various growth media such as MacConkey agar, nutrient agar, potato dextrose agar, mannitol salt agar, plate count agar and blood agar. Among the bacteria species isolate and identified, Staphylococcus aureus (4) was the most predominant contaminant, followed by Citrobacter freundii (2) and Bacillus cereus (2), all with different sensitive patterns to antibiotics. All isolated microbes were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin with varying degree of susceptibility. Hands of health workers needs protective means and routine washing of hands after attending to patients in order to reduce cross contaminations.

 

KEYWORDS: Contaminations, environment, health workers, hand, protection, bacteria, sensitivity.

​

REFERENCES:

 

1. Semmelweis IF (1983). The Etiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever, trans. and ed. KC. Carter (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 20

2. Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S., Mourouga P, Sauvan V,Touveneau S,Perneger TV. Effectiveness of a hospitalwide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene Infection Control Programme. Lancet 2006;356:1307–12.

3. Mani A, Shubangi AM, Saini R. Hand hygiene among health care workers Indian, Journal of Dental Research, 2010; 21(1):115-18.

4. Akyol AD.Hand hygiene among nurses in turkey: opinions and practices. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2007;16:431-7.

5. Werner R. Hand washing and what happens if you don’t. Massage and Bodywork, 2007;22(2):114-8

6. Canham L. The first step in infection control is hand hygiene. The Dental Assistant 2011;42-6.

7. Casewell M, Phillips I. Hands as route of transmission For species. British Medical Journal 1977;2:1315-17

8. Ehrenkranz N.J, Alfonso BC. nfect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1991;12(11):654-62

9. Ott M, French R. Hand hygiene compliance among healthcare staff and student nurses in a mental health setting. Mental Health Nursing 2009;30:702-4.

10. Momen K, Fernie GR. Nursing activity recognition using an inexpensive game controller:an application to infection control. Journal of European Society for Engineering and Medicine 2010;18(6): 393 - 408.

11. Takahashi I, Turale S. Evaluation of individual and facility factors that promote hand washing in aged-care facilities in Japan. Nursing and Health Sciences 2010 ;(12)1:127-34.

12. Cambell R. Hand washing compliance goes from 33% to 95% steering team of key players drives process. Health Care Benchmarks and Quality Improvement 2010;17(1):5-6.

13. Devnani M, Kumar R, Sharma RK, Gupta AK. A survey of hand washing facilities in the outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital in India. Journal of Infection In Developing Countries 2011;5(2):114-8.

14. Minnaar A. Infection control made easy, a hospital guide for health professionals. Kenwyn SA: Juta 2008

15. Maxfield D, Dull D. Influencing hand hygiene at spectrum health. Physician Executive Journal 2011;37(3):30-4.

16. Hidron AI, Edwards JR, Patel J, Horan TC, Sievert DM,Pollock DA, Fridkin SK. Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Associated With Healthcare-Associated Infections: Annual Summary of Data Reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006–2007. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2008;29:11

17. Lucet JC, Rigaud MP, Mentre F, Kassis N, Deblangy C, Andremont A, Bouvet E. Hand contamination before and after different hand hygiene techniques: a randomized clinical trialJournal of Hospital Infection 2002;50:276–80.

18. Tenorio AR, Badri SM, Sahgal NB, Hota B, Matushek M, Hayden MK, Trenholme GM, Weinstein RA. Clin Infect Dis 2001;132(5):826-9.

19. Monistrol O, Calbo E,Riera M,Nicola´s C, Font R, Freixas N. GarauJ. Impact of a hand hygiene educational programme on hospital-acquired infections in medical wards Clinical Microbiological Infection 2012;18:1212–18.

20. Barbut F, Mastrantonio P, Delmee M, Brazier J, Kuijper E, Poxton I. Prospective study of infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypiccharacterisation of the isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:1048–57.

21. Rupp ME, Fitzgerald T, Puumala S, Anderson JR, Craig R, Iwen PC, Jourdan D, Keuchel J, Marion N,Peterson D, Sholtz L, Smith V. Prospective, controlled, cross-over trial of alcohol-based hand gel in critical care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29(1):8-15.

22. Trick WE, Vernon MO, Hayes RA, Nathan C, Rice TW, Peterson B.J, Segreti J, Welbel SF, Solomon SWeinstein RA. Impact of ring wearing on hand contamination and comparison of hand hygiene agents in a hospital. Clinical Infectious Disease 2003;36:1383–90.

23. Tvedt C, Bukholm G. J. Hosp. Infect 2005;59(3):229-34.

24. Pittet D, Dharan S, Touveneau S, Sauvan V, Perneger TV. Bacterial contamination of the hands of hospital staff during routine patient care. Arch Intern Med 1999;159, 821-26.

25. World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Press 2009

26. Boyce JM, Pittet D. The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Hand Hygeine Task Force 2002;51:1–45.

27. Uneke CJ, Ijeoma, PA. 2010;11(3):44-54

28. Boyce JM, White RL, Spruill EY. Impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the incidence of nosocomial staphylococcal infections. J Infect Dis 1993;148(4):763

29. Mir BA, Srikanth DR. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin resistant and coagulase negative staphylococci in a tertiary care hospital. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2013;6:S231-34.

30. Metri Basavaraj C, Jyothi P. Screening of and coagulase negative Staphylococcus from urine samples. 2015);

31. Lee N, Lee H, Ko N, Chang CM., Shih HI., Wu CJ., Ko WC. Clinical and economic impact of multidrug resistance in nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:713-9.